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Summary
Environment Class 17

OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS (01:20 PM)

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND OTHER RULES UNDER ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT (01:26 PM)

  • We have a total of six rules here.
  • 1)BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES,2016
  • The waste generated from the health sector, These are most hazardous which if left untreated can turn fatal for others.
  • Segregate the biomedical waste into four different categories:
  • Red: Plastic waste 
  • Yellow: Infectious waste
  • Blue: Discarded waste
  • Black: Sharp items like syringes etc.
  • Here Pre-treatment is compulsory as per these rules. (Treatment at the source),but complete treatment is not compulsory.
  • A common biomedical waste and disposal facility at a regular distance is required.
  • 2)SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 2016
  • Solid waste is any waste generated at the household level.
  • Here waste should be segregated at source. Rules say three categories of waste should be there:
  • Wet waste.
  • Dry waste.
  • Domestic hazardous waste.
  • A fine provision is there who violate the rules.
  • Extended producer responsibility (EPR) all the producers except the consumer have the responsibility to safely dispose of the product as well. applicable only to sanitary napkins and other similar waste.
  • Landfills are those areas where the waste is dumped, This facility should be 100 meters away from the river and if there are any ponds then 200 meters away. Shall be 20 km away from airports (Bird Hit) and 500 meters from the public park.
  • Bio-degradable waste is generated on a large scale then it shall be compulsory for them to compost it (Generate Biogas).
  • Solid waste burning is prohibited
  • 3)E-WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES,2022 (01:44 PM)
  • Producer responsibility organization (PRO) managing waste on behalf of the company.
  • Target for producers: A 16% target would be fixed for the year till 2025, and will be increased to 80% by 2029.
  • Seeing the mushrooming of the solar energy industries, the rules also Included solar PV cells.
  • 4)PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES,2021
  • Single-use plastic not included under the rules will be covered under the EPR.
  • Refer to the handout as suggested by the faculty.
  • 5)CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE
  • Refer to the handout as suggested by the faculty.
  • 6)HAZARDOUS WASTE
  • Refer to the handout as suggested by the faculty.

COASTAL REGULATION ZONE (02:07 PM)

  • Costal regions are the most vulnerable and at the same time most sought region for development Example: Mumbai, USA east coast.
  • CRZ rules are to regulate the developmental activities in this region, The motto is not to prohibit the development in this region but to regulate this development. The regulations extend to 500 meters from the coastline.
  • Within the area classification are as follows.
  • 1A: Most important zone, Ecologically sensitive area, Eco-sensitive zones
  • 1B: Intertidal zone between high tide line and low tide line, These are uniform throughout the country.
  • 2: Any developed area (Urban area)
  • 3A: Rural areas which are densely populated, Upto 50 meters No development zone.
  • 3B: Rural areas with less density population than 3A
  • 4A: All the coastal region from low tide line upto 12 Nautical line.
  • 4B: Any tidal-influenced water bodies.
  • Inside the no-development zone, temporary structures are allowed.
  • All defence and strategic projects are exempted from the regulations of CRZ.

ECO-SENSITIVE ZONE (02:32 PM)

  • Ecos sensitive area is any area which surrounds the protected area
  • Upto 1 km it is compulsory to declare ESZ - Present government rule.
  • Not all activities are prohibited here.

POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES (02:36 PM)

  • GANGA (WATER)
  • The oldest action to clean the Ganga was taken in the year 1986, Popularly called as Ganga Action Plan (GAP) to control pollution in the river Ganga by checking the pollution points. (Not implemented yet pan Ganga Stretch).
  • It was in 1995, that GAP-II was started, This is also called as National River Conservation Plan.
  • 2009: The national river Ganga Basin authority was established to safeguard the Ganga drainage basin- Chaired by the Hon'ble PM, along with the PM six union ministers and 5 CM of the Ganga states.
  • Mission Clean Ganga programme was launched with the target of no municipal sewage released to Ganga by the year 2020.
  • The National Mission for Clean Ganga was set up and registered as a society which is the implementing arm of NRGBA.
  • The National Ganga River Basin project was launched with the help of the World Bank to support infrastructural assistance to clean Ganga.
  • In the year 2014, the Namami Gange programme was initiated, A central sector programme. It has two components, Aviral Dhara and Nirmal Dhara.
  • To support all this initiative Clean Ganga fund was established in 2014, totally based on voluntary contribution.
  • In the year 2016:NRGBA was replaced with the National Ganga Council.
  • At the national level: National Ganga Council (NGC)
  • Below NGC, special task force,
  • National Mission for Clean Ganga (Executing Body)
  • At the state level: State Ganga committee.
  • At the District level: District Ganga committee.
  • POLLUTION (02:55 PM)
  • CAQM (Commission for Air Quality Management)- A statutory body -Nodal body to control air pollution in and around Delhi.
  • The direction given by CAQM is binding and will be superior to any other authority like the State government, CPCB, or SPCB.
  • It prepares GRAP (Graded response action plan)
  • GRAP focuses on 4-stage action-
  • Stage I - overall air quality is crossed 200
  • Stage II - overall air quality is crossed 250
  • Stage III- overall air quality is crossed 300
  • Stage IV- overall air quality is crossed 450.

INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVE (03:29 PM)

  • Convention is a larger group, usually every country participates. For Example: UNCBD
  • Protocol is a part of a convention where specific targets need to be achieved. For example: the Nagoya protocol.
  • 1971: RAMSAR CONVENTION
  • It is a convention to protect the wetlands of the world.
  • Commitments
  • 1)Wise use of all wetlands.
  • 2)To designate some wetlands as RAMSAR sites.
  • 3)Wherever there are international wetlands they have to cooperate.
  • There are a total of 75 Ramsar sites in India.
  • MONTREUX RECORD
  • Wetland designated as Ramsar site, If their status is deteriorating then they will be put under the Montreux record
  • Two Ramsar sites in India are under the Montreux record keoladev(Bharatpur) and Loktak Lake, Manipur.
  • 172 members are there in the Montreux record.
  • Feb 2: Celebrated as World Wetland Day.
  • 1972 STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE (03:51 PM)
  • It was the first conference convened to discuss the climate issue, It was called the UN conference on human environment conducted in Stockholm on 5t and 6th June,1972. For this reason, 5th June is celebrated as World Environment Day.
  • UNEP (UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME)
  • UNEP coordinates many conventions, as well as the implementing agency.
  • 1973 CITES (CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES)
  • The basic idea is to prohibit, control and regulate the trade in wildlife at the international level.
  • 184 members are there including India.
  • 3 appendix
  • Appendix I- Include the threatened species, International commercial trade is generally prohibited.
  • Appendix II- Not necessarily threatened with extinction but it may become so if the trade is not regulated.
  • Appendix III - Those species which are regulated and cooperation is required by others to control international trade.
  • 1979: CMS (CONVENTION ON CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES)
  • Also called as Bonn Convention. There are 131 members including India.
  • CMS covers only species, not the paths. There are a total of 8 paths of the migratory birds.
  • 1982: NAIROBI CONFERENCE
  • It resulted in the Nairobi declaration.
  • 1985: VIENNA CONVENTION
  • To protect the ozone layer. It entered into force in 1988.
  • 197 countries have ratified it. The result of this convention is the Montreal Protocol.
  • 1987: MONTREAL PROTOCOL
  • Under Montreal the first targetted compound was CFC, Gradually it included all major ozone-depleting substances.
  • It allows for the use of ODS for some critical uses like medical usage and fire suppressant systems.
  • A multilateral fund was also added to assist the developing countries in achieving their targets.
  • The Kigali arrangement was agreed upon in 2016 to phase down HFC under the Montreal Protocol and replace it with HFO.

The topic for the next class: Continuation of the timeline of the Internal efforts.